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MANUSYA
LOKA (HUMAN UNIVERSE)
(euq";
yksd)
At Citrā earth located at the middle of
Trasanālī, there exists manusyaloka having a diameter of 4500000
yojanas. Height of manusyaloka is 100000 yojanas and its
circumference is 14230249 yojanas and area 16009030125000 square
yojanas. (See TiIoya Pannattī, Mahādhikāra 4).
Dvīpas and Oceans in Manusya
Loka
Jambūdvipa having a dia~eter of 100000
yojanas eqists amidst Manusyaloka. Around the circular land mass
of Jambūdvipa there
exists
a ring of Lavana samudra having a breadth of 200000 yojanas. Then
there follow the alternate rings of Dhātakīkhanda, Kālodasamudra,
Puskaravara dvipa, having their respective breadths of
4, 1, 16 lakh yojanas. Right at the
middle of puskaravara dvipa there exists the ring of Manusottara
parvata which marks the outer demarcation of manusyaloka having a
diameter of 45
(=
1 +2+2 +4+4+8+8+8+8) yojanas. Manusya
loka comprises of Jambūdvipa, Dbataklkhanda, and half of
Puskaravara dvipa, thus making two and a half dvipas (Adhāī dvipas)
(v<kbZ
}hi)
and two oceans viz. Lavanasamudra and
Kālodasamudra.
Jambūdvipa
(tEcw}hi)
See the detailed description of
Jambūdvipa in the chapter on Jambūdvipa. Detailed description of
six regions of Bharataksetra is also found in the chapter on
Bharataksetra.
Videha Ksetra
(fonsg
{ks= )
A detailed description of Videha k,etra
is found in the chapter on Videha Ksetra. Tîrthankaras,
Cakravartīs, NārāyaQas, Pratinārāyanas and Balabhadras happen to
be there. Kevalīs and ascetics are always found roaming.
Establishment of Other Ksetras
In Jaghanya bhogabhūmi of Haimavata and
Hairanyavata ksetras,
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38 Jaina
Geography
there live human beings who are born in
pairs and also die together. They have an utkrsta age of one palya,
bodily height of one kosa. They use the material obtained from ten
types of kalpa trees. In madhyama bhogabhūmi of Hari and Ramyaka
ksetras there live human beings having an utkrsta age of two
palyas and bodily height of two kośas. In uttama bhogabhūmi of
Devakuru (nsodq#)
and Uttarakuru (mRrjdq#
) ksetras in Videha, there live
human beings having an utkrsta age of three palyas and bodily
height of three kośas. All of these bhogabhumis are universal in
nature.
In Jambūdvipa, there are 32 karmabllūmis
and 6 bhogabhūmis which exist universally and there is not a
six-cyclic change of time there. In Bharata and Airāvata ksetras
of Āryakhanda, there exist Uttama bhogabhumi, Madhyama bhogoabhūmi
and Jaghanya bhogabhūmi during the first, second and third periods
of avasarpinī. In 4th period, there exists karmabhūmi alike. that
of Videha, and Tirthankaras, Cakravartīs and' great men are born
then. In 5th period, due to absence of Tirthankaras and Kevalīs,
there is a decay of religion. In 6th period, due to absence of
religious kings and ascetics, the human beings live like animals
and become devoid of clothes. The six-cyclic change in wheel of
time does not take place any-where other than Bharata and Airāvata
ksetras.
Mleccha Khandas
There are 5 mleccha khandas in each of
the 32 Videhas and Bharata and Airāvata ksetras each. Thus there
are 170 (=
5
X
32.+ 5 x 2) mleccha khandas in
Jambūdvipa. In mleccha Khandas and 110 towns of Vidyādharas at
both the srenis of 32 Videhas there exists a situation alike to
that at the begining of fourth period of avasarpini and in mleccha
khandas and 50 and 60 towns of Vidyadharas at southern and
northern Srenīs of Vijayārdhas of Bharata and Āirivata ksetras
alike to what appears from the beginning to the end of fourth
period of avasarpanī.
Parvatas
There are 34 Vrsabha parvatas in all the
34 Āryakhandas. There are 4 Nābhigiris, one in each of the
Haimavata, Harī, Ramyaka and Hairarnyavata ksetras. There exist 78
(=
16 at Meru
+
4 at Gajadantas + 2 at Jambū and Sālmali
trees + 16 at Vaksāra parvatas
+
34 at Vijayārdhas
+
6 at Kulāchalas) real Jina temples.
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Manusya Loka (HumanUniverse)
39
Dhātakīkhanda
The dimensions of parvatas, ksetras
and rivers etc. in Dhatakī
khanda is double those of their
respective counterparts in Jambudvipa. The only difference is
that there exists one extra Jina temple at two ISvākāra
parvatas each in Dhātakīkhanda. The ksetras look ring
type. The counterpart of Jambū tree, there exists Dhātaki
tree there. More details may be found in the chapter on Dhātakīkhanda.
Pukarārdha
DVī po
.
There are two ring type Isvākāra
parvatas 8 lakh yojanas long.. each in the south-northern
direction. Rest of the description is alike to that of Dhātakikhanda.
There exist 4 Merus and a Pu,kara tree.
Besides, it is worth noticing that the
diameter of Bharataksetra Jamūdvipa is 526-6/9 yojanas, and
outer diameter of Bharataksetra in Dhātakikhanda is
18547-155/212 yojanas and. in Puskarārdha 65446-12/282 yojanas.
The increase in dimensions other regions etc. may similarly be
understood.
Kubhoga
Bhūmis
Tne description of 24 kumānusa (evil
human) dvipas at the inner coast of Lavanasamudra may be found
in the chapter on 'Lavana samudra'. Similarly there exist 24
kumānusa dvīpas at the outer coast of LavaQasamudra. Thus there
~re 48 kumanu,a dvipas in Lavanasamudra. All the dvīpas are
situated at a height of one yojana above the sea water.
Similarly there are 48 kumānusa dvīpas in Kālodasamudra.
Different types of kumānusas having a peculiar animal limb, just
a horn, tail or face etc., are born at different dvīpas. More
details may be found in the chapter on 'Lavanasamudra'. Here it
is worth mentioning that kumānusa described as having a face
alike to that of a cow or pig etc. has rest of the body alike to
that of a human being. They are born as kumānusas due to their
accumulated bad deeds (dqnku)
in their previous lives (see Trilokasāra, vv. 913 to 921). In
kumānusa dvīpas there exist kubhogabhūmis ..
Thus considering Bhogabhūmi,
Kubhogabūmi, Āryakhanda, Mlecchakhanda and Vidyādhara srenīis as
distinct places, there become 5 classes of living places of
human beings. Any description
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40
Jaina Geography
in Jambūdvīpa is double in
Dhātakikhanda and in Puskarārdha remaining the same as in
Dhātakikhanda. For example, if there are 6 Bhogabhūmis is
Jambūdvīpa, there are 12 Bhogabhuūmis in
Dhatākikhanda and Puskarārdha each.
The statistical data as related to
two and a half dvīpas is given
as under:
Śaśvata bhogabhūmi = 6x 5=30 (Haimuvat,
Hari, Deva- kuru,
Uttara
Kuru,
Ramyaka, Hairanyavata)
Śaśvata karmabhūmi = 32
X
5= 160 (Videhas)
Asasvata bhogabhūmi = 10
(5th Bharata and Airāvat
each in three periods
each of six fold variation of time
in a vasarpini and
utsarpini
each)
Asāsvata karmabhūmi = 10
(As above)
Aryakhanda = 170
(Videhas 160
+ Bhatratas
5
+
Airāvatas 5)
Mlecchakhanda = 850
(Human beings here are
mlecchas by position and
not by caste or education)
Vidyādhara sreni = 240
(Human beings here are
celestial, expert in education)
Kubhogltbhūmi = 96
[LavaQasamudra 48
+
kāloda samudra 48)
Parvatas
(v<kbZ}hi
ds eq[; ioZr )
1.Sumeru
5
2.Jambū, Sālmali trees etc.
10
3.Gajadanta
20
4.Kulācala (Himavan etc.)
30
5.Vaksāra
80
6.Vijayārdha
. 170
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Manusya Loka (Human Universe)
41
7.
Vrsabhacala 170
8.
Isvākāra
4
9.
Nābhigiri
20
Natural Caitālaya
(
e/;yksd ds vd~f=e 458 ftu pSR;ky;
)
1.
At Sumeru 80
2.
At Jambū tree etc. 10
3.
At Gajadanta 20
4.
At Kulācala
30
5.
At Vaksāra 80
6.
At Vijayārdha 170
7.
At Iśvākāra
4
8.
At Mānusottara parvata 4
Thus
the total number of Caityālayas is 398. If we ~dd to them 52
Caityālayas of Nandiswara, 4 of Kundalagiri and 4 of
Rucakagiri, we see that the total number of Jina
caityalayas becomes 458. I bow down to all the holy Jina
Caityālayas.
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Note:- In
this book most of the words have been used from the
Prakrit Language and while copying
the same there may be certain
errors in spite of our best efforts.
Any mistake noticed may be brought
to our notice for making
rectifications.
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