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DIMENSIONS OF
MOUNTAINS IN JAMBŪDVĪPA-SUMERU PARVATA (lqes#
ioZr)
At the central
portion of Mahāyideha ksetra (egkfonsg
{ks= ) the
mount Mandara (eanj)
(alternate name of Sumeru) is situated where the birth of all the
tīrthankaras is celebrated at respective times. Its dimensions are
given as under:
Depth of foundation
in earth
=
1000 yojanas
Height above the
earth
=99000
yojanas
Diameter at base deep
into the earth
=
10090-10/11
yojanas
\
I
•
Diameter at the
surface of earth
=
10000 yojanas
Regular reduction of
diameter at
Nandanavana (uUnuou),
a height of
500. Yojanas above
the earth i.e.
above Bhadrasālavana
=
500
yojanas
Reduction of diameter
at a height of
11ooo
Yojanas above
Nandanavana
=
Nil
Then regular
reduction of diameter
at Saumanasavana
(lkSeulou
), i.e. at a
height of 51500
Yojanas = 500 yojanas
Then reduction of
diameter at a
height of 11000
Yojanas
=
Nil
Then regular
reduction of diameter
at Pāndukavana
(ikaMqdou),
i.e. at a
height of 25OOO
Yojanas
=
494 yojanas.
Right at the centre of Pāndukavana, there exists Cūlikā (
pwfydk )
having
a diameter of
12 yojanas at Pāndukavana and it
regularly
reduces to 4 yojanas at its top, a height of 40 yojaaas. The
heights of different regions of sumeru when added up togather,
i.e.
1000+500+ 11000+51500+
11000+25000 = 100000 yojanas. It.is easily discernible that
the diameter 10000 yojanas at the surface of earth reduces to 1000
yojanas, at top i.e. 99000 yojanas
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28
Jaina Geography
above the earth. Thus the average
decrease of diameter comes out to be 1/11(=100000 – 1000) X
1/99000 Yojanas per Yojana see Trilokasāra, v. 614). The
average rate of decrease of diameter can be easily converted
into any other length-units also. (See Tiloya Pannattī, pp. 375
to 378). The average decrease in diameter of Cūlikii comes
out to be 1/5 =(12-4)x1/40 yojana.
(See Tiloya Paatti, p. 337.)
The part of mount Meru is vajramaya (ctze;)
for 1000 yojanas deep into earth, made up of precious stone till
61000 yojanas above the earth, and golden 38000 yojanas above
that. CūIikā is made up of blue-coloured Vaidūrya (oSnw;Z)
jewel (See Tiloya Pannattī, p. 379.)
Apparently, the Mount meru is made up
of frustums of cones unlike the other irregular mountains in
general. Bhadrasāla vana (Hknzlky ou), Saumanasa vana (lkSeul ou)
and Pāndukavana (ik.Mqd ou)
have earthly appearance and they have multiple rows of trees,
vanavedikās (ouosfndk),
precious stones, golden flowers, emerald coloured leaves,
Campaka (pEid) and Asoka trees, Kalpa trees, Vaidūrya coloured
fruit and coral
coloured branches. (See Tiloya
Pannatti, p. 377 and Jambūdiva Pannatti, p. 93.) All the four
vanas (forests) have a Jina temple in, all the four directions
each respectively. Thus there exist 16 Jina temples.
Jagatī-Parkotā of Jambūdvipa
Jambūdvipa has been encircled by a
jagatī (txr) having a height
of 8 yojanas. The breadth of jagatī is 12 yojanas, 8 yojanas and
4 yojanas at its base, middle and top respectively. Thus it
regularly decreases by 8 yojanas for a height of 8 yojanas from
base to the top. Thus the average rate of decrease of breadth of
jagatī is 1 yojana per yojana. Thus the breadth of jagatī at any
place, say x yojanas below the top, is calculated to be x
+ 4 yojanas. For example, for x =1-1/4 the breadth of
Jagatī at a place 1-1/4 yojanas below its top becomes 1-1/4 + 4
= 5-1/4 yojanas. (See Jambūdiva Pannatti, p. 4). The
construction of jagatī is regular at every place.
Parvatas like Himavana
Parvata
There are six parvatas, viz.
Himavan (fgeoku), Mahāhimavan
(egk fgeoku), Nisadha (fu"k/k),
Nīla ( uhy ) , Rukmi (#Deh)
and Sikhari (
f’k[kjh). They have a uniform
diameter throughout. They reach the
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Dimensions of
Mountains in Jambuadvipa-Sumeru Parvata
29
extremities of Lavanasamudra (yo.k
leqnz )
in the east-western direction. (See
Trilokasara, 565; Tattvārtha Sutra, 3; Tiloya Pannatti vv.
94-95.) The precious stones exist on the northern and southern
sides of them. They are golden, silvery, hot-golden, vaidūrya-stone
like, silvery and golden respectively and have a height of
100, 200, 400, 400, 200 and 100 yojanas respectively.
Therefore these parvatas are wall-like, greasy, filled with
precious stones, beautiful and coloured in the southern and
northern sides. They have
II,
8, 9, 9, 8 and 11 kūtas
respectively. The length, breadth and height of these kūtas
look like those of the mounts respectively. All the kutas
are round. The height
of a kūta is one-fourth
of the height of the parvata and breadth at the base is also
equal to that. Breadth decreases regularly to its half at the
top. For example, at the Himavan parvata starting from the
eastern direction there exist 11 kūas, viz , Siddhakūta
(fl)dwV),
Himavan kūta
(fgeokudwV),
Bharata kuta
(HkjrdwV),
Tilaka kūta
(fryddwV),
Gangakūta
(xaxkdwV),
Srikūta
(JhdwV),
Rohitāsya kūta
(jksfgrk’odwV),
Sindhukūta
(flU/kq
dwV),
Surakūa
(lqjdwV),
Haimavatakūta
(gSeordwV)
and Vaisravana kūa
(oSJo.kdwV).
Every kūta has a height of 25
yojanas and breadth of 25 yojanas at base which decreases to
12-1/2 yojanas at the top, thus
18-3/4 (25+12.50) x1/2 yojana at
middle. There exists a Jina palace at Siddhakuta (
fl)dwV
).
On other kūtas, there exist palaces of vyantara devas (O;arj
nso ) called after the name
of the kūta. (See Tiloya Pannati, p. 357.)
Gajadanta
Parvata
Starting from vāyavya (ok;O;)
(north-west) direction of Sumeru, there exist four gajadanta (xtnar)
parvatas (ioZr),
viz. Saumanasa
(lkSul),
Vidyutprabha (fo?kqrizHkk),
Gandhamādana (xa/keknu)
and Mālyavāna
(ekY;oku);
two of them are stretched
upto Nisadha parvata (fu"k/k
ioZr) and two upto Nila
parvata. Their breadth is 500 yojanas each. Their height is
400 yojanas each near Nisadha and Nīla parvatas, and increases
regularly to 500 yojanas in the vicinity of Meru parvata. (See
Tiloya Pannatti, vol. 1, p. 402) The height of a kūta on this
parvata is one-fourth of the height of the parvata at that
place. On a gajadanta parvata, there exist 9 kūas having
their. Heights 125, 121-7/8, 111-3/4, 115-5/8,
112-4/8, 109-6/8,
106-1/4, 103-1/8and 100 yojanas respectively. (See Tiloya
Pannatti, vol I, pp. 406-407)
Table
of Dimensions Of Ksetras and Parvatas:-
( All distances have been measured in
Youjnas)
|
| Region |
Stretch
S-North |
Length
East-Western |
Height of
parvatas |
Ghumi in
Ksetras |
Verna of
Parvatas |
Number of
Kutas on Parvatas |
Height of
Kūtas |
Breadth of Kūtas
at the |
| Base |
Top |
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
| Ksetra Bharata |
526-6/19 |
1447-5/19 |
-------- |
Karma and Bhoga
(Non-Universal |
-------- |
-------- |
------- |
------- |
----- |
| Parvata- Himavan |
1052-12/19 |
24931-18/19 |
100 |
-------- |
Golden |
11 |
25 |
25 |
12-1/2 |
| K- Mahahimvana |
2105-5/19 |
3764-16/19 |
------- |
Bhoga
(Jaghanya) |
-------- |
--------- |
------- |
------ |
----- |
| P-Mahahimvana |
4210-10/19 |
53931-6/19 |
200 |
--------- |
Silvery |
8 |
50 |
50 |
25 |
| K-Hari |
8421-1/19 |
93901-17/19 |
------- |
Bhoga
(Madhyama) |
-------- |
--------- |
------- |
------ |
----- |
| P-Nishadha |
16842-2/19 |
94156-2/19 |
400 |
---------- |
Hot Golden |
9 |
100 |
100 |
50 |
| K-Videha |
33684-4/19 |
10000 |
-------- |
Karma
(East-West) (Universal) Bhoga (S-North) Utkrshta |
-------- |
--------- |
------- |
------ |
----- |
| P-Nila |
16842-2/19 |
94156-2/19 |
400 |
--------- |
Vaidūrya
Jewel (Baryl) |
9 |
100 |
100 |
50 |
| K-Ramyaka |
8421-1/19 |
93901-17/19 |
------- |
Bhoga (Madhyama) |
-------- |
--------- |
------- |
------- |
----- |
| P-Rukmī |
4210-10/19 |
53931-6/19 |
200 |
----------- |
Silvery |
8 |
50 |
50 |
25 |
| K-Hairanyavata |
2105-5/19 |
37674-16/19 |
-------- |
Bhoga
(Madhyama) |
-------- |
--------- |
------- |
------ |
----- |
| P-Shikharī |
1052-12/19 |
24931-18/19 |
100 |
------------- |
Golden |
11 |
25 |
25 |
12-1/2 |
| K-Airāvata |
526-6/19 |
14471-5/19 |
-------- |
Karma and Bhoga
(Non- Universal) |
-------- |
--------- |
------- |
------ |
---- |
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32
Jaina Geography
Vaksāira Parvata
In the northern and southern sides of
Sita river, there are 4 Vaksāra parvatas and 3 Vibhangā
rivers each. Thus each side of Sita river is divided into 8
regions viz. Citrakūta, Nalinakūta, Padmakūta and Eka Saila etc.
Every Vaksāra saila is stretched over 500 yojanas. (See Tiloya
Pannatti, vol., 1, p. 425). These Vaksāras have a height of 500
yojanas near the bank of Sitā river and 400 yojanas in the
vicinity of Nīla and Nisadha parvatas after a regular decrease in
height. Every Vaksarāa has 4 kutas, the height of which is
one-fourth of the height of the parvata at that
place respectively. Siddhakūta,
the first one, is 125 yojanas high and the last kūta is 100
yojanas high. (See Tiloya Pannattī, Page-435.)
These descriptions of parvatas clearly
indicate that they are well-type structures and not made up of
small pieces of round stones as most of the scholars think. The
study of āgamas proves to be an eye-opener in case of any doubt or
suspicion.
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Note:- In
this book most of the words have been used from the
Prakrit Language and while copying
the same there may be certain
errors in spite of our best efforts.
Any mistake noticed may be brought
to our notice for making
rectifications. All dimensions and figure work
may be compared with books referred in the
article.
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